Bioreactor Design And Operation Pdf Free !FULL!
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Bioreactor Design And Operation Pdf Free !FULL!
This unique volume is dedicated to the fundamentals and application of bioreactor technology to tissue engineering products. Not only will it appeal to graduate students and experienced researchers in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but also to tissue engineers and culture technologists, academic and industrial chemical engineers, biochemical engineers and cell biologists who wish to understand the criteria used to design and develop novel systems for tissue growth in vitro.
In short, a bioreactor design should consider in vivo tissue structure, cellular organization, and cell survival, which will in turn influence the ensuing function, so the thought processes must start with the functional requirements; one size will never fit all. Some examples from biology include the performance of blood vessels depending on their role; for example, the make-up of a vein usually delivering low pressure flow at low shear that is responsible not only for flow but for heat dissipation, compared with an artery responsible for high flows, at much higher pressures, especially close to the heart, which are designed to have thicker musculature in vessel walls and to be more elastic to deal with greater pressures and pulsatile flow; these tissue structures are often anisotropic. To model these in a bioreactor, not only the correct cell type but also the mechanical structures capable of delivering the function is necessary. Another example would be a bioreactor to mimic solid tissues without, for example, liver and kidney, which, in contrast, are not dependent on the alignment of particular fibers for function; these are more mechanically isotropic.
An area of burgeoning research is the impact of viscosity and stiffness on cellular signalling; viscosity and stiffness also impose a mechanical load and affect cell morphology [9]. This too should be encompassed in microbioreactor design. As well as mechano-transduction impacting on signalling, downstream gene expression will be altered; the role of the directional loading force can influence protein binding on extracellular matrices and thus is also critical in bioreactor design. The shear stress forces should represent the mechanical environment of the original tissue [10].
An endothelial layer on biological graft matrices is considered important from the perspective of antithrombotic activity [45] and preventing graft failure. However, in artificial grafts, the pulsatile flow of a bioreactor can disrupt the endothelial cell surface under high flow conditions, as may be experienced by cusps during valve opening in the native valves, so that whilst one may endeavour to mimic the natural environment, some compromise in bioreactor designs may be required to enable adaptation of the recellularised grafts [46]. In a different organ system, the liver, again using decellularised tissue as the bioreactor scaffold, Hussein et al. defined a heparin-gelatin mixture as an antithrombotic agent prior to cell seeding that positively impacted attachment and migration of endothelial cells, as well as leading to enhanced function from the parenchymal fraction of subsequently seeded HepG2 epithelial cells [47].
The bioreactor is at the core of industrial biotechnology practice today. This free online course will introduce you to bioreactors and their unique features, and show you which consumer products are made by industrial biotechnology. You will learn the advantages of choosing biotechnology over chemical synthesis and how to operate the basic control systems of a bioreactor. Some important questions that must be answered to run an efficient bioprocess will be considered. Significant factors that you must consider before choosing a mode of operation will also be covered. You will be able to classify bioreactors based on their modes of operations, process requirements, and method of cultivating culture. Next, you will examine the operating modes of common bioreactors such as batch, fed-batch, and continuous models. You will also be able to determine the volume of the reactor needed to meet the production target and calculate the productivity for the reactor volume, process kinetics, and conversion. The classification of growth kinetics based on the relationship between product synthesis and energy generation in the cell will be explained. The course goes on to deal with unstructured and distributed empirical models, you will learn the underlying assumptions in this model. What are the different phases in batch culture This course will help you examine them, learn the terminologies for microbial growth, and discover the relationship between the specific growth rate of a microbe and its substrate concentration.
Next, you will be able to apply mathematical models for bioreactors, analyze their behavior and specify operating parameters. Discussions on many numerical problems using equations such as the Monod equation, design, and performance equation of batch fermenter, will be delivered. Some improvements made to the Monod equation will be shown and you will be able to use it to determine the growth rate of microorganisms. You will examine a typical growth curve for a bacterial population and discuss what batch growth yield coefficients are. Discover how the environmental conditions inside the bioreactor - such as temperature, nutrient concentrations, pH, and dissolved gases - affect the growth and productivity of the organisms. You will learn how to calculate biomass production, estimate the time required, and outline the implications of cell density. All the possible measurements of cell concentration by direct and indirect methods of growth kinetics are also covered in this section of the course.
Then you will study fermentation process kinetics, which is potentially valuable for the improvement of batch process performance. Learn mathematical models to facilitate data analysis and provide a strategy for solving problems encountered in fermentations. The design of a bioreactor involves various critical parameters while the size and shape of a bioreactor differ depending on the various applications in bioprocesses. You will identify the major parameters that characterize the performance of bioreactors and techniques to measure and control them. By completing this course, you gain valuable insights into the principles of bioreactor design and also develop your appreciation and understanding of bioprocessing technology.
In a truly integrated software, modifications made to any operation automatically propagate throughout the system design, whereas other software requires modifications to be manually entered into the feed of the downstream operation.
A bioreactor refers to any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment.[1] In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from litres to cubic metres, and are often made of stainless steel.[citation needed]It may also refer to a device or system designed to grow cells or tissues in the context of cell culture.[2] These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical/bioprocess engineering.[citation needed]
On the basis of mode of operation, a bioreactor may be classified as batch, fed batch or continuous (e.g. a continuous stirred-tank reactor model). An example of a continuous bioreactor is the chemostat.[citation needed]
Fouling can harm the overall efficiency of the bioreactor, especially the heat exchangers. To avoid it, the bioreactor must be easily cleaned. Interior surfaces are typically made of stainless steel for easy cleaning and sanitation. Typically bioreactors are cleaned between batches, or are designed to reduce fouling as much as possible when operated continuously. Heat transfer is an important part of bioreactor design; small vessels can be cooled with a cooling jacket, but larger vessels may require coils or an external heat exchanger.[citation needed]
Conventional sewage treatment utilises bioreactors to undertake the main purification processes. In some of these systems, a chemically inert medium with very high surface area is provided as a substrate for the growth of biological film. Separation of excess biological film takes place in settling tanks or cyclones. In other systems aerators supply oxygen to the sewage and biota to create activated sludge in which the biological component is freely mixed in the liquor in "flocs". In these processes, the liquid's biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is reduced sufficiently to render the contaminated water fit for reuse. The biosolids can be collected for further processing, or dried and used as fertilizer. An extremely simple version of a sewage bioreactor is a septic tank whereby the sewage is left in situ, with or without additional media to house bacteria. In this instance, the biosludge itself is the primary host for the bacteria.[citation needed]
Many cells and tissues, especially mammalian ones, must have a surface or other structural support in order to grow, and agitated environments are often destructive to these cell types and tissues. Higher organisms, being auxotrophic, also require highly specialized growth media. This poses a challenge when the goal is to culture larger quantities of cells for therapeutic production purposes, and a significantly different design is needed compared to industrial bioreactors used for growing protein expression systems such as yeast and bacteria.[citation needed]
After the upstream processing step, the resulting feed is transferred to one or more bioreaction stages. The biochemical reactors or bioreactors form the base of the bioreaction step. This step mainly consists of three operations, namely, production of biomass, metabolite biosynthesis and biotransformation.[citation needed] 153554b96e
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